Physics-Based Continuum Modeling for an Aqueous Rechargeable Zn/MnO2 Battery

While Lithium-ion batteries dominate high-energy-density applications, their reliance on scarce and expensive materials poses a challenge for large-scale renewable energy storage. Aqueous Zinc/Manganese Oxide (Zn/MnO2) batteries, utilizing abundant and cost-effective materials, emerge as a viable alternative. However, the lack of understanding of their fundamental reaction mechanisms hampers their optimization and commercialization. In this study, we present a physics-based model to aid in elucidating the reaction mechanisms governing Zn/MnO2 batteries. When coupled with statistical parameter estimation, the model accurately replicates the discharge behavior across various C-rates and offers predictive insights into the underlying phenomena. Our findings inform the design of future targeted experiments and lay the groundwork for in-depth mechanistic studies. Moreover, the model serves as a tool for in-silico optimization, accelerating the path to commercial viability.