Case report and literature review demonstrates reduced venous spasm risk in cardiac pacemaker recipients, highlighting imaging guidance and vasodilators to prevent procedural failure.
Venous spasm is an important reason for complicated or failed implantations of cardiac implantable electronic devices. Prevention or risk reduction of venous spasm during cardiac implantable electronic device implantation may be achieved by ultrasound or fluoroscopic imaging prior to puncture, cephalic vein cut-down, sufficient pre- and perioperative hydration, nitroglycerin injection and effective sedation, and analgesia.
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Venet et al. (2024) studied this question.
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