Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Multiple methods are used to tackle ipsilateral obstructed venous access in patients undergoing a device upgrade by implanting a new left ventricular lead. One feasible solution to tackle this is implantation of the upgrade lead contralaterally with pre-sternal tunnelization to the opposite side under conscious sedation.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Antoun et al. (2024) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 10 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: