Modulation of peripheral circadian clocks – impact on metabolic activity: a state of science review

Circadian rhythm is responsible for daily rhythmicity in humans. The circadian clock in all cells plays a crucial role in various metabolic pathways. The liver clock is one of the most studied and important peripheral clock systems as it is autonomous at the tissue level. Various circadian genes in the adipose, intestine, and pancreas have also been shown to play important roles in the homeostasis of lipids and insulin. Peripheral clocks in the liver and muscle are important factors for metabolic homeostasis. Disruption in them can increase the risk of metabolic conditions such as obesity and diabetes. This review aims to shed light on the importance of peripheral clocks in circadian rhythm's role in various metabolic processes and thereby open room for new lines of potential discoveries regarding the etiology and management of related diseases.