A survey of modern vehicle noise, vibration, and harshness: A state-of-the-art

Increasing the efficiency and sustainability of transportation is a key topic for both automakers and academic researchers. The noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) of electric and hybrid electric vehicles affect their occupants, which is essential if these vehicles are to be commercially successful. Furthermore, noise pollution in urban areas is a growing concern, and vehicle noise is a major contributor to this problem. Vehicle noise can adversely affect the health and well-being of passengers and pedestrians. A concise, state-of-the-art review of NVH sources and suppression techniques for electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles is presented in this paper. NVH is covered for both conventional ICE-powered vehicles as well as electric and hybrid vehicles. Furthermore, the research also addressed NVH sources such as the interior, powertrain, road-tires, suspension, brakes, wind-structure, power-coupling devices, clutches and transmissions, and electric motors. Additionally, the study identifies potential future research areas and NVH sources that need further investigation. By doing so, automobiles will be able to provide a more comfortable ride. According to the study, traditional ICE-powered vehicles' powertrains have a considerable adverse effect on NVH at low speeds. However, NVH resulting from the interaction between the road tire and the wind structure becomes more prominent as the vehicle accelerates. The primary source of NVH in EVs is the power-coupling device, particularly in HEVs. In addition, clutch and transmission noise is present when operating at low speeds with heavy loads. In spite of this, road-tire and wind-structure interactions are the primary sources of NVH at high vehicle speeds, just as they are in conventional ICE-powered vehicles.