Association of intravenous digoxin use in acute heart failure with rapid atrial fibrillation and short-term mortality according to patient age, renal function, and serum potassium

Intravenous digoxin is still used in emergency departments (EDs) to treat patients with acute heart failure (AHF), especially in those with rapid atrial fibrillation. Nonetheless, many emergency physicians are reluctant to use intravenous digoxin in patients with advanced age, impaired renal function, and potassium disturbances due to its potential capacity to increase adverse outcomes.