Europe in 2024 faces major challenges in the areas of security, immigration, the economy, and the environment. The war in Ukraine and the uncertain direction of the foreign policy of the United States signal that the European Union is about to embark upon a new historical era. Meanwhile, nationalist feeling is increasing in most member states, as political party systems shift rightward in response to populist pressures. The paper analyzes these changes and inventories the range of policy responses across Europe.
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Arthur Goldhammer (2024) studied this question.
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