Propolis as an Immunomodulatory Agent: Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity, Cytokine Modulation, and Hematological Parameters in Albino Rats Infected with Escherichia coli

Background: Propolis, a natural substance produced by honeybees, has a rich history in traditional medicine due to its diverse composition of phenolic compounds, including flavonoids, aromatic acids, and benzopyran. This study aimed to assess the effects of propolis on the immune system, blood parameters, antioxidant levels, and antimicrobial properties against Escherichia coli in male albino rats. Methods: The experiment involved thirty male albino rats divided into three groups: control, positive control, and propolis-treated group infected with E. Coli. The rats were administered propolis extract (400mg/kg) once daily for four weeks. Results: The results demonstrated that propolis exhibited immunomodulatory effects by increasing lymphocyte percentages and enhancing the production of antibodies (IgM and IgG). It also improved haematological parameters such as haemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, and platelets. Propolis showed higher nitric oxide levels and phagocytosis percentages compared to the infected group. Additionally, it reduced serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-1β while significantly decreasing eosinophil levels. Propolis lowered serum malondialdehyde levels but decreased superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione levels in rats infected with E. coli. Conclusion: These findings indicate that propolis holds promise as an alternative or complementary therapy for managing bacterial infections, providing a natural and potentially effective solution. However, further research and clinical trials are required to comprehend the therapeutic benefits of propolis fully and its applications in human health.