Understanding Migraine: Epidemiology, EEG Abnormalities, and the Potential of Neurofeedback Training

Introduction. Migraine is a prevalent neurovascular disorder with a significant impact on individuals' quality of life. In this paper, we focus particularly on electroencephalogram (EEG) studies, and the ability of that modality to detect abnormalities in brain waves and provide insights into migraine pathophysiology. Neurofeedback training (NFT) as a potential therapeutic approach for migraine management is also explored. Methods. The manuscript provides a review of relevant literature on the epidemiology, classification, pathophysiology, and measurement techniques related to migraine. Results. Epidemiological studies highlight the high prevalence of migraine. EEG studies demonstrate delta and beta wave variations in people who experience migraine. Functional connectivity studies using EEG and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) suggest involvement of specific brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, and insular cortex, in migraine pathophysiology. NFT studies indicate promising outcomes in reducing migraine frequency and severity. Conclusion. Migraine is a complex disorder with multiple subtypes and triggers. Advances in understanding its pathophysiology suggest the involvement of cortical and brainstem mechanisms, as well as cortical spreading depression. EEG abnormalities provide valuable insights into the neurobiological dysfunctions associated with migraine. NFT shows promise as a noninvasive and personalized treatment option. Future research should further investigate the mechanisms underlying EEG abnormalities and continue to develop effective interventions for migraine management.