Investigating relationships between the host genome, rumen microbiome, and dairy cow feed efficiency using mediation analysis with structural equation modeling

The rumen microbiome is crucial for converting feed into absorbable nutrients used for milk synthesis, and the efficiency of this process directly affects the profitability and sustainability of the dairy industry. Recent studies have found that the rumen microbial composition explains part of the variation in feed efficiency traits, including dry matter intake, milk energy, and residual feed intake. The main goal of this study was to reveal relationships between the host genome, the rumen microbiome, and dairy cow feed efficiency using structural equation models. Our specific objectives were to (1) infer the mediation effects of the rumen microbiome on feed efficiency traits, (2) estimate the direct and total heritability of feed efficiency traits, and (3) calculate the direct and total breeding values of feed efficiency traits. Data consisted of dry matter intake, milk energy, and residual feed intake records, SNP genotype data, and 16S rRNA rumen microbial abundances from 448 mid-lactation Holstein cows from 2 research farms. We implemented structural equation models such that the host genome directly affects the phenotype (G