The concept of “criminal law risk” in the sociology of criminal law: the experience of theoretical understanding

The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the concept of criminal law risk, which has become relevant in modern legal discourse. Various methodological approaches to understanding criminal law risk are being investigated. The paper also examines the theoretical concepts of criminal law risk, which have been highlighted in criminal law science in recent years, and also provides some classifications of such risks. Based on the analysis of theoretical material, the author concludes that it is necessary to bring the criminal law understanding of risk closer to other concepts of risks that prevail in other socio-humanities. Special attention is paid to the sociological theory of risk developed by Niklas Luhmann, who considers risk through the prism of systemic theory, emphasizing the social aspects of risky behavior and their impact on social development. The results of the work can be used for further theoretical understanding of criminal law risks, as well as for the development of practical recommendations for their management and minimization in various fields of activity, including innovative ones.