Effect of anthocyanins on obesity

Obesity is a complex multifactorial disease characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the body. Obesity is caused by a chronic positive energy balance that is regulated by complex interactions between the endocrine and the central nervous system. The hypothalamus regulates energy balance by controlling appetite and satiety, regulating the rate of energy expenditure, and regulating hormone secretion. Leptin plays an important role in regulating appetite. Decreased leptin production or impaired receptor function in leptin resistance can increase the risk of obesity. Adiponectin plays an important role in peripheral stimulation to increase energy expenditure. Leptin and adiponectin have synergistic action to promote weight loss. The excessive increase in adipose tissue in obesity causes the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Pro-inflammation states can cause oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, which can disrupt the function of adipocyte cells in secreting leptin and adiponectin, which are important in the pathogenesis of obesity. Anthocyanins are flavonoid compounds that have been widely known as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory. Many studies have revealed that anthocyanins can also play an anti-obesity role. This review article will discuss the mechanism of action of anthocyanins as anti-obesity agents.