Acute Respiratory Failure: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Current Therapeutic Modalities

Acute respiratory failure (ARF) represents a critical condition wherein the respiratory system fails to maintain adequate gas exchange, leading to hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or both. The etiology of ARF is multifactorial, encompassing a wide array of pulmonary and extrapulmonary disorders. Prompt diagnosis and intervention are paramount to improving patient outcomes. This article provides a comprehensive review of the pathophysiology underlying ARF, diagnostic approaches, and the latest advancements in therapeutic strategies. We explore both invasive and non-invasive treatment modalities, including mechanical ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), pharmacotherapy, and supportive care measures. By integrating recent clinical evidence, we aim to elucidate the evolving landscape of ARF management, highlighting best practices and emerging innovations in the field.