A comprehensive study on epigenetic biomarkers in early detection and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles, disrupting brain cell communication, causing atrophy, and leading to cognitive decline. It poses a substantial global health challenge, necessitating urgent research. Molecular biomarkers, reflecting AD progression, have been identified in diverse bodily tissues. Notably, emerging epigenetic biomarkers introduce a novel dimension to AD pathophysiology. However, their precise role in early AD detection and prognosis remains unclear. This review classifies various epigenetic biomarkers, emphasizing their potential in early detection and prognosis. Various epigenetic biomarkers like DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, histone modification, OMICS, and many more get significantly altered during AD; these biomarkers being distinctly expressed in normal conditions to AD offer a huge therapeutic benefit to stop the progression or worsening it. We explore the therapeutic implications and propose integration with existing diagnostic methods to intervene in AD progression, mitigating exacerbation. Addressing challenges, we envision the future scope of these biomarkers, emphasizing their synergy with computational approaches for enhanced AD detection. This review contributes to the field by proposing a multifaceted approach that combines epigenetic markers with computational analysis to improve early detection and facilitate timely therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, we discuss the economic implications of these biomarkers, proposing that their early application could significantly reduce the financial burden of AD by delaying the progression and severity of the disease.