Performance of Cropping System Modules for Productivity, Profitability and Land Use Efficiency in Varanasi Region

Varanasi during 2022-23.The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 3 replications.The treatments comprised 10 cropping system modules (CSM), viz.rice -wheat -fallow (CSM 1 ), rice -mustard -fallow (CSM 2 ), sesbania (G.M.) *rice -lentilblack gram (CSM 3 ), sesbania (G.M.) *rice -vegetable pea -black gram (CSM 4 ), sesbania (G.M.) * rice -mustard -black gram (CSM5), sesbania (G.M.) * rice -mustard -green gram (CSM 6 ), sudan fodder -berseem -cowpea fodder (CSM 7 ), cowpea fodder -berseemmaize fodder (CSM 8 ), high value rice -potato -lady's finger (CSM9), high value rice -capsicum -cowpea (green pods) (CSM 10 ).The system productivity reached higher in the high value rice-potato-lady's finger cropping system module (CSM 9 ) followed by high value rice-capsicum-vegetable cowpea (CSM 10 ), significantly surpassing all other cropping system modules.Moreover, it was evident that cropping system modules with a 300% cropping intensity outperformed CSM 1 and CSM 2 with a 200% cropping intensity.High value rice-capsicum-vegetable cowpea cropping system module (CSM10) emerged as the most profitable crop cropping system module among all, although it was comparable to CSM 9 .Sesbania*rice-mustard-green gram cropping system module registered the maximum Benefit-Cost (B:C) ratio of 2.27, followed by CSM 10 with a B:C ratio of 2.25.