Clinical Epidemiology and APOE Gene Etiology: An Update on Alzheimer’s Disease.

This review discusses the discovery, epidemiology, and gene etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD).It also highlights the Alzheimer's gender disparity common comorbid and modifiable risk factors.AD is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that impacts both daily activities and social interactions.With the rise in life expectancy and demographic aging, the global prevalence of AD is expected to increase further, particularly in developing peoples, resulting in a significant burden of disease.Its prevalence in the general population increases dramatically with age; it affects approximately 80% of patients aged ≥ 75 years.AD that occurs before the age of 65, known as early-onset AD (EOAD), is not as extensively studied as late-onset AD (LOAD), even though EOAD often presents with a more aggressive disease progression.AD is a complex and multifactorial disorder influenced by genetic susceptibility and environmental factors over the individual's life.Sex-specific risk factors of dementia for women, including pregnancy, menopause, and preeclampsia, account for the rise of AD among women compared to men.Identifying modifier genes has facilitated the control of APOE genes and their co-expressed genes.Nevertheless, exploring new gene modifiers may enhance a better understanding of intricate AD characteristics and hold potential therapeutic benefits for individuals with AD.