Summary Recent studies on co-transformation of the growth regulator, TaGRF4-GIF1 chimera ( Growth Regulating Factor 4-GRF Interacting Factor 1 ), in cultivated wheat varieties ( Triticum aestivum ), showed improved regeneration efficiency, marking a significant breakthrough. Here, a simple and reproducible protocol using the GRF4-GIF1 chimera was established and tested in the medicinal orchid Dendrobium catenatum , a monocot orchid species. TaGRF4-GIF1 from T. aestivum and DcGRF4-GIF1 from D. catenatum were reconstructed, with the chimeras significantly enhancing the regeneration efficiency of D. catenatum through in planta transformation. Further, mutating the microRNA396 ( miR396 ) target sites in TaGRF4 and DcGRF4 improved regeneration efficiency. The target mimicry version of miR396 ( MIM396 ) not only boosted shoot regeneration but also enhanced plant growth. Our methods revealed a powerful tool for the enhanced regeneration and genetic transformation of D. catenatum .
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Yang et al. (2024) studied this question.
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