New Horizons and Breakthroughs in the Therapeutic Treatments for Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma represents a difficult challenge in both oncology and neurosurgery, characterized by its aggressive nature and poor prognosis. Despite its multimodal approach to standard treatment, combining surgery and chemoradiation therapy, the overall survival for patients remains disappointingly low. This review paper provides an overview of the clinical challenges associated with glioblastoma treatment, including tumor heterogeneity, low mutational burden, cancer stemness, and its immunosuppressive microenvironment. In addition, we explore promising future therapies such as the tumor treating fields (TTFields), carmustine wafer treatment, angiogenesis inhibition, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing therapy, and immunotherapies such as dendritic cell vaccination (DCV) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Across the review, we highlight the potential, progress, and shortcomings of each therapeutic approach by addressing their respective success and challenges. By analyzing this information, we strive to provide a comprehensive review of the current progress of glioblastoma treatment and its future therapeutic potential.