Factors Associated With High-Risk and Low-Risk Bone Stress Injury in Female Runners: Implications for Risk Factor Stratification and Management

Bone stress injury (BSI) is a common overuse injury in active women. BSIs can be classified as high-risk (pelvis, sacrum, and femoral neck) or low-risk (tibia, fibula, and metatarsals). Risk factors for BSI include low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and poor bone health. Higher vertical load rates during running have been observed in women with a history of BSI.