Chronically elevated sympathetic tone in heart failure (HF) induces b-adrenergic receptor (b-AR) desensitization, impairment of cAMP signaling, calcium (Ca) overload, and increased ventricular arrhythmias. HF progression, incidence, and outcomes favors protection in females vs. males, but the mechanistic differences are not fully understood.
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Caldwell et al. (2024) studied this question.
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