Recent Advances in Ablative Therapies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with curative surgical interventions feasible for a minority of patients. This review highlights recent advances in thermal (e.g., radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, and cryoablation) and nonthermal (e.g., ethanol ablation and irreversible electroporation) ablative modalities as curative-intent alternatives to surgery. Evolving applications of transcatheter intra-arterial radioembolization (TARE) with ablative dosimetry will be explored, and histotripsy, an emerging technology, will be introduced.