Deterministic spin-orbit torque switching including the interplay between spin polarization and kagome plane in Mn3Sn

Previous research has demonstrated the spin-orbit torque (SOT) switching of Mn₃Sn in configuration I, where the spin polarization {σ} resides within the kagome plane. However, this configuration has yielded several unexpected outcomes, giving rise to debates concerning the fundamental physics governing the switching process. Alternatively, in configuration II, {σ} is perpendicular to the kagome plane, which bears greater resemblance to the ferromagnetic system. In this study, we show successful SOT switching of Mn₃Sn in configuration II, demonstrating behaviors more akin to ferromagnets, e.g., the critical switching current density (Jcrit) and external field (Hₑₓₜ) are in the order of 10¹⁰0.16em0exA/m² and tens of Oersted, respectively. The switching result is also independent of the initial state. We further show that the distinctive spin structure of Mn₃Sn leads to unique switching characteristics, including Jcrit increasing linearly with Hₑₓₜ and the opposite switching polarity to ferromagnetism. A switching phase diagram is further provided as a guideline for experimental demonstrations, offering a clear physical picture for the observed phenomena.