Network-based methods in cancer bioinformatics from therapeutic targeting to biomarker identification

• The application of network-based approaches in cancer bioinformatics, with an emphasis on therapeutic targeting and biomarker discovery, through the clarification of complex molecular interactions, these methodologies enable the detection of important biomarkers that are linked to distinct types of cancer and reveal essential lymph nodes and pathways that propel the development of tumours. • The integrated utilisation of machine learning techniques and multi-omics data enriches the comprehensive analysis of molecular networks associated with cancer • STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes and Proteins) is a popular database and online resource for PPI data retrieval and analysis • The open-source programme Cytoscape visualises, analyses, and models biological networks, especially protein-protein Interaction (PPI) networks, in cancer bioinformatics and other domains. • BioGRID (Biological General Repository for Interaction Datasets) is a curated library of genetic and protein interactions, encompassing physical and genetic interactions across species. • Gene MANIA is a web-based application and database that predicts gene function and investigates protein-gene functional relationships. • Reactome is a free online biological pathway database. It contains curated, peer-reviewed information on molecular pathways, their components (genes, proteins, and small molecules), interactions, and biological processes. • Researchers studying molecular interactions, especially protein-protein interactions (PPIs), in cancer and other biological situations might benefit from the IntAct (Interaction Database).