Thermal Instability in Casson Nanofluid With Porous Medium Under the Influence of Suspended Particles: Darcy-Brinkman Model

This article presents graphical and numerical examination of the initiation of thermal convection in porous media, with a specific focus on Casson nanofluids containing suspended particles. The study employs the Darcy-Brinkman model to characterize fluid behavior within porous media, considering the influence of suspended particles. This whole investigation is carried out by the employment of normal mode analysis and the Galerkin first approximation approach, which led to the derivation of expressions for the Rayleigh-Darcy number under stationary convection across different boundary conditions: free-free, rigid-rigid, and rigid-free configurations. We have analyzed the interaction between Casson nanofluids (non-Newtonian fluids), the Darcy-Brinkman porous media model, and the influence of suspended particles on thermal convection. The study explores the effects of various parameters, such as the Casson parameter, suspended particles parameter, Brinkman-Darcy number, porous media porosity, nanoparticle Rayleigh number, Lewis number, and modified diffusivity ratio on stationary convection, which are presented numerically and graphically under all boundary conditions. Most importantly in this investigation we find that under realistic rigid-rigid boundary conditions, the system displays greater stability compared to other boundary conditions (i.e., free-free and rigid-free).