Review of Biomarkers for Urine Cytology

There has been tremendous interest in developing adjunct markers and techniques for improving the diagnosis of urothelial cancers in urine, as urine cytology, though simple, easy to perform, and low cost, is typically considered challenging, and may not be accurate especially for low-grade tumors. Many of the tests have received regulatory approval for clinical application. However, few of these tests are widely used in clinical setting as many of these tests suffer shortcomings that prevent widespread adaptation. This review will provide an updated narrative for a handful selected biomarkers.