Genetic polymorphisms of kappa-casein (CSN3) gene and its association with bovine milk properties

Kappa-casein is an important subtype of casein protein which has many beneficial effects on the dairy industry as well as to the consumers' health.This dual importance of kappa-casein underscores the interconnected relationship between the quality of milk and the sustainability of the dairy industry.Among the several factors, genes play a major role in influencing milk properties.In line with that, numerous genetic variants of the kappacasein gene have been identified and the two most prevalent variants, A and B, have shown significant associations with enhanced milk properties such as constituents, yield and technological properties.Hence, the review aims to provide an updated overview on the genetic polymorphisms of kappa-casein A and B variants in several bovine breeds from various parts of the world and their associations with milk properties particularly milk constituents, milk yield and technological properties such as rennet milk coagulation time and thermal resistance.