Biomonitoring of metal bioaccumulation in different fishes collected from the Gomti River, India and its health implications in humans

This study examine the concentrations and health risk due to consumption of 11 elements due to fish (muscles) intake and were also use as bioindicator for pollution in the Gomti River. The quantification of metals was done in Ctenopharyngodon idella, Channa punctata, and Cirrhinus mrigala in kidney (BDL −8.31 ± 0.38), liver (BDL −8.98 ± 0.61), muscles (BDL −7.65 ± 0.83), and gills (BDL −7.58 ± 0.18) were subjected to Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Study reveals that potential bioaccumulation of metals were highest in C. punctata followed by C. idella and C. mrigala. The health risk probabilistic were estimated ingestion mode using daily intake (EDI) reveals highest for Fe with mean value 2.81, noncarcinogenic risk (THQ) shown by Al, Fe, and Cd with a range value (0.27 − 8.980), (0.055–1.715) and (0.037–4.813). Hazard index (HI), i.e. >1 values were high for all the fish species may lead to harm to their consumers. Carcinogenic risk (CR) above >10−4 was for As (2.3E–04 to 1.7E–03) and Cd (1.4E–05 to 3.4E–04).