Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) Current and Novel Vaccines: Progress and Limitations

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is one of the viral contagious diseases that cause severeeconomic losses worldwide. Vaccination is the cornerstone method in controlling thisdisease in Egypt and worldwide. Although the current inactivated vaccines are widelyused in controlling the disease. Vaccination failure is a common concern. Attenuated,marker-inactivated, recombinant protein vaccines, synthetic peptides, and empty capsidvaccines are a future pathway. The primary objectives of this paper are to describe thecurrent foot-and-mouth disease vaccines with special reference to Egypt and review theliterature on current vaccine limitations and future vaccines.