This research came to clarify the extent of the suffering of man in civil conflicts, including the wars that were between Al-Ma’mun and his brother, Al-Amin, whose events extended to the Islamic world, especially in the eastern regions, including Baghdad, the capital of the caliphate, where these wars affected the economic conditions of the state and the public alike, because of the security chaos, the cutting of trade routes, the spread of steel, and the state's preoccupation with them and the preparation for its wars and conflicts as well as to achieve dominance without indifference to the fate of Islamic peoples and their suffering in history.
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A 2024 study studied this question.
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