History, Mechanisms, and Future Directions of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation under the Severe Climate Change

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation is a global occurrence that arises from the interplay between air and ocean. It is characterized by three distinct phases: neutral, El Niño, and La Niña. These phases have varying effects on the global climate. Given the rapid changes in the world's climate, ENSO's role as a climate predictor is becoming increasingly vital. This article aims to provide an overview of ENSO research, including its history and present status. It also delves into the mechanisms behind ENSO and the different indicators used to anticipate its behaviour, as well as its effects on China's climate and the human populace. Furthermore, the article explores future research directions, emphasizing the importance of addressing issues such as optimal precursors and barriers to spring predictability to achieve better ENSO predictability. The ultimate goal is to improve the accuracy and precision of forecasts, enabling humans to cope better with unforeseen climate changes.