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The Rhine measuring programme chemistry dates back to 1953, and its monitoring network as well as procedures have changed significantly over time. Next to pressures from industry and household wastewater loads, catastrophes such as the Sandoz chemical spill in 1986 fostered international cooperation along the Rhine. By integrating technical trends and innovations, the programme has managed to keep pace with societal and regulative demands. It remains a programme with one foot in its long history and one in the present, facing the challenges to come, with its strength based on a multilevel international cooperation based on trust.
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Duester et al. (2024) studied this question.
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