Active Sites of Cu/ZnO-Based Catalysts for CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol

Heterogeneous Cu/ZnO-based catalysts are widely used for CO 2 hydrogenation to methanol, but limitations remain for industrial applications. These include achieving high methanol selectivity and conversion and mitigating deactivation by water poisoning. Part I of this review explores the role of active sites on Cu/ZnO-based catalysts in CO 2 conversion. The synergistic interaction between copper and zinc oxide is emphasised, particularly regarding interfacial effects on carbon monoxide activation and formate formation. The discussion covers theoretical and experimental perspectives on active site characteristics, including defects, vacancies, steps and strain. Additionally, the review explores the connection between Cu/ZnO-based catalysts properties and methanol synthesis activity.