Scalable Manufacturing of Various Types of Perovskites for Industrial Applications

For remarkable structural flexibility and outstanding photovoltaic, electrical and catalytic properties, perovskite materials have become a cornerstone of modern materials science. This work, "lab-to-factory" comprehensively and integrally reviews the synthesis, and applications of perovskite materials, with a particular focus on the opportunities and challenges associated with transferring them from academic research environments to commercial manufacturing platforms. It systematically evaluates a wide range of synthesis methods such as chemical vapor deposition and thermal evaporation. Solution-based techniques such as spin coating, cleavage coating, blade coating and inkjet printing are discussed as well. Time-dependent and synchrotron-based methods are explored alongside conventional techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Particular attention is paid to in-situ and in-process characterization techniques, which provide dynamic insights into phase evolution, ion migration, interfacial processes and degradation mechanisms under practical operating conditions. The range of applications for perovskite materials is thoroughly examined, including photovoltaics, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, photodetectors, sensors, catalysis, and energy storage technologies. Significant advancements in perovskite solar cell efficiency, such as tandem and flexible arrangements are highlighted. Emerging applications that leverage perovskite's high absorption coefficients, failure tolerance and tunable emission, beyond the photovoltaic realm are critically analyzed. However, the commercialization continues to face challenges, such as long-term operational stability, sensitivity to heat and humidity, ion migration, lead toxicity and reliability of large-scale manufacturing. The assessment concludes by identifying strategic objectives and prospects for bridging the gap between industrial production and laboratory-scale innovation. This review provides a comprehensive roadmap for accelerating the successful transfer of perovskite technologies from laboratory to industry, enabling their application in reliable, scalable and commercially viable devices by integrating insights across the areas of synthesis, and application.