A comprehensive review of perovskite materials for electronic device applications

Perovskite materials have gained remarkable attention as promising candidates for next-generation electronic and optoelectronic devices owing to their outstanding optical absorption, high carrier mobility, tunable bandgap, and cost-effective fabrication. This review explores the recent progress and future potential of perovskite materials across different categories, including organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites, oxide perovskites, and all-inorganic perovskites, emphasizing their structural diversity and electronic tunability. Special consideration is given to various dimensional perovskites (3D, 2D, 1D, and 0D), where reduced dimensionality provides enhanced stability and unique quantum confinement effects advantageous for device performance. The rapid development of lead-free perovskites is also discussed as an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional lead-based systems, paving the way for safer and more sustainable applications. We highlight their broad utility in photovoltaics, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, sensors, and memory devices, demonstrating the versatility of perovskite frameworks. In addition, this review introduces an emerging innovative approach based on AI-assisted compositional screening, defect-engineered interface design, and multidimensional heterostructure integration for accelerating the discovery of stable and high-efficiency perovskite electronic materials. This strategy combines data-driven materials optimization with scalable device engineering to address stability-performance trade-offs and enable next-generation intelligent perovskite platforms. Finally, we present an outlook on current challenges, including long-term stability, scalability, and interface optimization, and propose future research directions focused on material design, defect management, and device integration. These advances underline the growing importance of perovskite materials in shaping the future of efficient, durable, and eco-conscious electronic technologies.