Revisiting the Link: A qualitative analysis of the diverse experiences of gender dysphoria as a subset of pervasive social dysphoria co-occurring with autism in Japan

Studies have suggested that autistic people are more likely to experience gender dysphoria, which refers to the gender-related distress emerging from personal factors and gender norms that some transgender people experience. Transgender people are diverse; some experience gender incongruence (i.e. an incompatibility between a person's gender identity and that expected of them based on their birth-assigned gender), whereas others do not. Therefore, the association of autistic transgender people's gender dysphoria with gender incongruence varies, and the literature has overlooked such diversity. Interviews with 15 Japanese autistic transgender adults revealed diverse gender dysphoria experiences independent of gender incongruence, such as resistance to the societal gender norms themselves, physical dysphoria caused by the imposition of gender, sensory disgust related to autistic sensory sensitivities, uncertainty about the gender norms of the social majority, and the autistic burden of living in a gendered society. Moreover, we found that most participants had not only accumulated distress over gender norms (i.e. gender dysphoria) but also over pervasive social norms, termed