Research on the Application of Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry Technology in Traceability Detection of Stimulants

Endogenous substances, which are produced by the body itself, have become a focus of concern due to their potential abuse as stimulants in sports. The chemical structure and physicochemical properties of externally synthesized endogenous substances are similar to those produced internally, making them difficult to detect. In response to this challenge, it is crucial to develop effective methods for detecting both endogenous and exogenous substances. One promising approach leverages the differences in stable carbon isotope abundance between internal and external sources, leading to changes in the Compound-Specific Isotope Ratio (CIR) after ingestion. The GC-C-IRMS method has emerged as a commonly used and highly accurate technique for tracing the origin of substances. Recognizing its significance in the fight against doping, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has standardized this method and established relevant benchmarks. This review article examines the advancements made over the past decade in detecting S1 anabolic steroids, S4 hormones and metabolic modulators, and S9 glucocorticoids. By offering a comprehensive overview of progress in the detection of endogenous substances using isotope ratio mass spectrometry, the aim is to provide valuable insights for enhancing existing anti-doping measures. This research serves as a critical reference point for ongoing efforts to combat the misuse of endogenous substances in the realm of sports.