With the rapid growth of mm-wave wireless technologies, phased arrays are essential to meet the stringent link-budget requirements under path losses. However, antenna array inter-element coupling distorts each antenna load from its nominal 50Ω impedance, commonly known as antenna voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), degrading the array radiation pattern and each transmitter-element performance. Moreover, an antenna VSWR depends on the array-element location and the beamforming coefficients, complicating any correction/compensation schemes [1]. With mismatched antenna loads, the desired actual element gain, radiated power, and radiation pattern often deviate significantly from the target values.
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Liu et al. (2024) studied this question.
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