Cosmology and the classical limit of the S-matrix

We investigate the relationships between classical observables in cosmology and the classical limit of quantum scattering amplitudes. We first look at the relation between Bogoliubov transformations and the notion of classical limit. Then, we compute the cosmological redshift for a particle in a cosmological background and the emitted gravitational waveform from a quantum field theory basis and its classical limit. We observe that there is no interpretation for the geodesic redshift purely in terms of on-shell amplitudes in flat space, given that the classical limit of a scalar 2-point vanishes when considering an FRW background with two asymptotically flat in and out regions. We resolve this apparent conundrum and recover the correct observable by showing that the action of Hermitian operators differ between the in and out regions, unlike standard approaches in flat spacetime. We then argue that the redshift is an exact result even in the presence of radiation emitted from the geodesic motion. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the emitted waveform can be represented solely in terms of an on-shell 3-point amplitude in flat space without energy conservation, providing a closed formula for the waveform in an impulsive FRW.