October 9, 2025

Non-Profits and the State: Cooperation, Dependency, and Contestation

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NGO independence is shaped by their relationships with the state, which can involve cooperation or contestation.
The article analyzes NGO–state relations typologies including partnership, co-optation, and repression, illustrating diverse NGO strategies.
Drawing from examples in Scandinavia, China, Russia, and India, the article emphasizes the importance of political context in shaping NGO autonomy.
The concept of 'principled pragmatism' is proposed as a framework for NGOs to balance collaboration with advocacy while adapting to political realities.

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Analysis reveals NGO independence is negotiated in various political contexts, highlighting cooperation and dependency.

Anna Neya Kazanskaia (2025) studied this question.

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