Application of the polluter pays principle to household waste pollution for environmental policy

The Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) places the polluter as the party responsible for paying the costs of the pollution impacts they cause. In Indonesia, this principle has been adopted in environmental law policy through Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management (PPLH), but its application is still limited to the industrial sector and has not yet reached households, even though domestic waste contributes to most water pollution in urban areas. This study uses a normative-juridical approach and a literature review to identify challenges to PPP implementation in the household sector. The results indicate that the absence of explicit norms in national regulations and weak local government capacity are the main obstacles. This study recommends strengthening derivative regulations, developing community-based local policies, and educational approaches and environmental incentives to encourage the fair and participatory implementation of the PPP principle in the household sector.