Purpose While current research on the Internet of Things (IoT), Building Information Modelling (BIM), and blockchain technology (BCT), IoT-BIM-BCT integrations primarily focus on system architectures, a critical gap remains in defining the structure, relationships, and formats of supply chain data across these platforms. This paper introduces a data traceability schema based on blockchain technology (dtsBC) to standardise and map how BIM data is translated into formats compatible with the IoT and blockchain layers. Design/methodology/approach The proposed framework employs a hierarchical data taxonomy to classify supply chain information and organise its relationships across system layers. A data ontology further contextualises the interdependencies of entities within the integration. Findings This study demonstrates that a robust dtsBC can enable seamless integration between BIM, IoT, and blockchain technologies. It also establishes a foundation for developing a trusted data repository, ensuring transparent data governance, information flow, and verification processes. Practical implications The proposed schema benefits supply chain stakeholders in offsite manufacturing and the broader architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. It outlines how data relationships are mapped and translated to achieve asset traceability and lifecycle management. Originality/value This research contributes to the field by defining a comprehensive dtsBC that standardises data exchange processes while ensuring compatibility between BIM, IoT, and blockchain platforms. It paves the way for a smart object repository that stores verified data records, enhancing data quality and operational reliability.
Brandín et al. (2025) studied this question.