Low-carbon optimal scheduling of buildings with hybrid renewable energy systems based on green certificate trading-stepped carbon trading interaction

To cope with the depletion of fossil energy sources and the demand for low-carbon transformation in the building industry, promoting the low-carbon operation of buildings with hybrid renewable energy systems (BHRESs) is urgent. Considering the characteristics of multi-type flexible loads in buildings, this study designed an integrated demand response (IDR) mechanism that integrates the price-based response of electric vehicles (EVs) and the incentive-based response of flexible loads. This study proposes a low-carbon optimal scheduling method for BHRES that considers the interaction between green certificate trading and stepped carbon trading (GCT-SCT). The results show that: (1) The IDR mechanism reduces the operating cost by 11.57% through the EV low-charge-high-discharge and flexible load transfer. (2) The GCT-SCT interaction mechanism reduces the carbon emissions by 14.83% and the operating cost by 3.74% compared with the single carbon trading mechanism through the green certificate-carbon quota conversion. (3) Fluctuations in the carbon trading base price, carbon trading price growth rate, external electricity price, and renewable energy output are all critical factors affecting the system operating cost and carbon emissions. This study provides theoretical support for the low-carbon scheduling of multi-energy-coupled building systems, which is significant for promoting the low-carbon operation and green transformation of BHRES.