A General Review of Congenital Talipes Equinovarus: Causes, Treatments, and Long-Term Outcomes

Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (CTEV), also known as clubfoot, is a common congenital orthopedic disorder characterized by a downward and inward rotation of the foot. Causes are divided into idiopathic which usually occurs alone without other disorders and non-idiopathic, which are associated with genetic syndromes, chromosomal abnormalities, or neuromuscular disorders. Idiopathic cases tend to respond better to therapy than non-idiopathic cases, which generally require more complex treatment and are more likely to recur. Modern management standards emphasize the importance of early, non-surgical intervention, with the globally recognized Ponseti method being the primary option, involving staged manipulation and cast placement, and, if necessary, Achilles tenotomy and bracing to maintain the correction. In cases with severe deformity or when non-operative measures are unsuccessful, surgical procedures such as tendon transfers or soft tissue releases may be considered. Long-term results of Ponseti therapy are generally excellent, both functionally and aesthetically, although ankle stiffness or radiological changes may persist. Although recurrence, especially in non-idiopathic cases, is not uncommon, most children can maintain adequate leg function without extensive surgery, especially with adherence to braces.