Rediscovering the signal networks in Qing China through a multidisciplinary approach

This study uses a multidisciplinary approach to investigate the beacon towers and signal networks during the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911). Due to the loss of most relevant sites, the study of signal networks in Qing China has largely been neglected. Our team systematically examined 234 local gazetteers and 12 historical maps, through which we identified records of signal networks in 289 cities. These historical pieces of information were organized to establish a Qing Dynasty Signal Network Database. Based on the historical geographic information in the database, we applied low-altitude remote sensing technology to identify overlooked signal stations in Xinjiang, Qinghai, Ningxia, and Gansu provinces, which led to the discovery of 15 new beacon tower sites and 53 auxiliary beacon sites. This paper summarizes the structure of Qing Dynasty signal stations, methods of signal transmission, and planning characteristics of signal networks, providing a systematic understanding of the "multi-beacon signal system" cultural landscape. Traditional archaeological methods face challenges in conducting in-depth investigations due to fragmented historical information, extensive target areas, and complex terrains. This paper explores a new digital approach to comprehensively observe and understand large-scale dispersed cultural heritage, providing innovative methods and significant reference value for similar heritage studies.