Environmental Amoxicillin Exposure Induces Cardiotoxicity in Zebrafish Embryos: A Comprehensive Assessment of Heart Function and Molecular Responses

Background/Objectives. Environmental pollution poses a significant threat to human health, primarily through the degradation of natural ecosystems. Emerging organic contaminants (EOCs), such as pharmaceuticals like amoxicillin, are especially concerning due to their persistence and potential harm to non-target species. This study evaluates the cardiotoxic effects of Amoxicillin (AMX) on Zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio), specifically heart function, blood flow, and gene expression linked to cardiogenesis, inflammation, and apoptosis. Methods. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to concentrations of AMX corresponding to environmentally relevant levels, wastewater effluents, as well as acute experimental exposures. Mortality and hatching rates were all assessed, along with heart function and gene expression analysis of key cardiac and inflammatory markers. Results/Conclusions. The findings suggest that higher AMX concentrations have cardiotoxic effects, emphasizing the need for stringent environmental monitoring of antibiotic residuals.