What type of study is this?

This is a Cohort Study study (also classified as: Meta-Analysis, Quantitative Study).

October 18, 2025Open Access

Genetic epidemiology of treatment-resistant depression

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This genetic epidemiology study uncovers links between treatment-resistant depression and comorbidities, highlighting environmental factors.

Individuals with treatment-resistant depression have higher polygenic risk scores related to lithium response, indicating genetic vulnerability.
A genome-wide association study revealed a SNP-based heritability of 26% for treatment-resistant depression compared to controls.
Evaluation using national registers showed increased psychiatric and cardiometabolic comorbidities in those with treatment-resistant depression.
Adverse childhood experiences are significantly associated with treatment-resistant depression, with each additional experience increasing risk by 76%.

Ying Xiong (2025) studied this question.

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This genetic epidemiology study uncovers links between treatment-resistant depression and comorbidities, highlighting environmental factors.