Effectiveness of Community-Based Nursing Programs for Maternal and Child Health Outcomes in India: A Meta-Analysis

Background: Community-based nursing programs (CBNPs) have been a cornerstone of India’s strategy to reduce maternal and child health disparities, especially in rural and underserved areas. This meta-analysis evaluates their effectiveness in improving neonatal and maternal outcomes. Methods: A systematic search was performed across PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for studies published between 2000 and 2024. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies conducted in India evaluating community-based nursing or health worker-led interventions on maternal and child health outcomes. PRISMA 2020 guidelines were followed. Data were pooled using a random-effects model, and heterogeneity was assessed with I². Results: Twenty-one studies (n = 42,318 participants) were included. Community-based nursing interventions were associated with a significant reduction in neonatal mortality (RR = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.70–0.87; p < 0.001), and improved rates of exclusive breastfeeding at 6 weeks (RR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.18–1.52). Institutional delivery rates increased modestly (RR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.05–1.34). Subgroup analyses indicated greater effects in rural, low-resource states. Conclusions: Community-based nursing programs significantly improve neonatal survival and maternal health behaviors in India. Integrating such programs into primary health systems should remain a national priority.