The Ambiguity of The President's Position As Head of State And Head of Government

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Ambiguity in the president's dual role complicates governance and accountability.
The 1945 Constitution accommodates different interpretations of presidential authority and function.
Patronage politics and unclear relationships between branches exacerbate this ambiguity.
Constitutional reforms are necessary to improve checks and balances, enhancing democratic governance.

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This analysis reveals overlapping roles of the president in Indonesia's constitutional system, suggesting reforms for clarity and governance.

Mohamed Saleh (2025) studied this question.

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This analysis reveals overlapping roles of the president in Indonesia's constitutional system, suggesting reforms for clarity and governance.