Promising strategy of piezoelectric biomaterials for traumatic brain injury therapies from electrophysiological aspect.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant global health challenge, usually leading to severe disability and substantial economic burden. Despite incomplete understanding of its physiological mechanisms, TBI usually characterized by complex pathophysiology concluding primary mechanical damage and secondary injury cascades. Piezoelectric biomaterials, which convert mechanical stimuli into electrical signals, have emerged as promising therapeutic strategies for treating TBI. Recent advancements in piezoelectric materials have markedly improved biocompatibility and piezoelectric performance. Adaptive piezoelectric biomaterials can deliver targeted electrical stimulation to support neuronal growth, differentiation, and repair while facilitating precise drug delivery and mechanical reinforcement through blending with other materials. Consequently, piezoelectric biomaterials can respond to and regulate biochemical, cellular, and physiological processes to support the repair of TBI. This review focuses on the physiological mechanisms of TBI, the classification, properties, and characteristics of piezoelectric biomaterials, and recent advances in their application for TBI therapy.