Znaczenie biostymulatorów w adaptacji słonecznika (Helianthus annuus L.) do warunków stresowych

Common sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), as a key oilseed crop cultivated across diverse climatic zones, is exposed to a wide range of abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, and heavy metal contamination. These stressors, particularly when occurring during critical developmental stages – such as flowering and seed filling – lead to physiological and metabolic disturbances, ultimately resulting in yield reduction and diminished oil quality. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of exoge­nously applied biostimulants as a strategy to enhance sunflower resilience under adverse environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to review the available literature on the effects of biostimulants on physiology and yield performance of sunflower under abiotic stress. The review focused on substances such as salicylic acid, ascorbic acid, jasmonates, amino acids, thiamine, glycine betaine, and multi-component formulations. These compounds have been shown to activate plant defense mechanisms, improve water balance, stabilize cellular structures, and regulate hormonal and enzymatic pathways. Their application enhances stress tolerance, improves mor­phological and quality traits, and positively influences seed chemical composition. Despite the increasing volume of research, there re­mains a lack of conclusive data regarding optimal dosages, application timing, and molecular mechanisms of biostimulant action. Further studies accounting for genotype–environment–technology interactions are essential for the full exploitation of biostimulant potential in the sustainable cultivation of sunflower under changing climate conditions.